Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the CPU, RAM, hard drive, motherboard, and peripherals like keyboard and mouse.

Networking involves connecting computers and other devices to share resources and information. This can include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the internet.

Basic components include network devices (routers, switches, hubs), transmission media (cables, wireless signals), and network protocols (TCP/IP).

A router connects different networks and directs data between them, while a switch connects devices within the same network and manages data traffic to ensure efficient communication.

IP addressing is a system for assigning unique addresses to devices on a network, enabling them to communicate with each other. IPv4 and IPv6 are the two versions in use.

Start by checking physical connections, ensuring components are properly seated, and testing individual components. Use diagnostic tools and check for error messages or beep codes

Subnetting divides a larger network into smaller sub-networks, improving organization, security, and efficient use of IP addresses.

Common types include bus, star, ring, and mesh topologies, each with its own advantages and use cases.

Network security protects data and resources from unauthorized access, cyber attacks, and data breaches, ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information.

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) encrypts internet connections and routes them through secure servers, providing privacy, security, and the ability to access restricted content.